Showing posts with label crusoe. Show all posts
Showing posts with label crusoe. Show all posts

Thursday, January 21, 2010

Robinson Crusoe: A Synopsis

Robinson Crusoe, written by Daniel Defoe, was published in 1719 and is widely considered to be the first modern novel in the English language. The book is a fictional autobiography of a castaway (the title character) partially inspired by the real life Alexander Selkirk. Crusoe spends 28 years on a remote tropical island off the coast of Venezuela in the Caribbean before being rescued. One can assume that the island Crusoe is stranded on is Tobago as he explicitly states that he believes he can see the island of Trinidad. This is also consistently reinforced through Crusoe's descriptions of the landscape, vegetation, and animals that he encounters. For example, he mentions the presence of wild cocoa trees; a plant species located on the island of Tobago.

"...the mighty river Orinoco in the mouth of which river, as I thought afterwords, our island lay; and that this land which I perceived to the west and north-west, was the great island Trinidad, on the north point of the mouth of the river."

"I saw here an abundance of cocoa trees, orange, and lemon trees and citron trees..."

With only leftover remnants of his previous civilization courtesy of a shipwreck, Crusoe must come face to face with nature against a man accustomed to civilization. Crusoe almost instantly feels basic survival instincts manifest themselves as he climbs into a tree to prevent attack from wild animals. It isn't long before Crusoe becomes anxious to start building and begins to re-establish the so called "order" and civilization he is accustomed to as he forces his way on nature and begins to manufacture actual dwellings like a hut and a tent.

Crusoe Timeline







Apartment in the Tree

Name: Apartment in the Tree

Location: A couple miles up the shore from where he was shipwrecked.

Purpose: Crusoe is shipwrecked on the island and with no materials and equipment to work with; he must find a temporary shelter that will protect him from the weather and the possible threat of wild animals on the island.

Size and Scale: Crusoe describes his first house as a “thick bushy tree like a fir, but thorny…”. As the island was loosely based on Tobago, the sapodilla tree is a semi-evergreen tree indigenous to the area and is quite possibly the location of Crusoe’s first home. They tend to grow up to 10-15m in height.

Timeline: Crusoe stays at the tree only for the first night on the island. He moves on to a new shelter the next day. Sapodilla trees have a relatively short life span with its peak growth at 20 years.

tree

“I went to the tree, and getting up into it, endeavoured to place myself so as that if I should sleep I might not fall; and having cut me a short stick, like a truncheon, for my defence, I took up my lodging”

Hut with Tent

Name: Hut with tent

Definition: A crude or makeshift dwelling or shelter.

Location: Crusoe makes his way up a stream in search of a new location for his inhabitation. He docks when he reaches a flat area of land on the right side of the stream. Crusoe decides to situate his new shelter a little farther off the stream to enable him to stay along the same coast where he landed.

Purpose: Crusoe moved from his old shelter to explore and find a better site which could still protect him from the weather and wild animals. Now that he salvaged some goods from the wreck, he also needed suitable storage and shelter to protect them from spoiling or getting ruined. Again, the house is simply a temporary shelter until he can get rescued and/or better materials and more time to create a more permanent home.

How it is made: Crusoe simply salvages materials from the shipwreck to create his home using three seaman’s chests, a carpenter’s chest and casks which are stacked to make up the wall while planks are combined to form a roof. A tent is also built a day later when he manages to salvage some poles and a sail from the wreckage.



“I went to work to make me a little tent, with the sail and some poles which I cut for that purpose; and into this tent I brought everything that I knew would spoil, either with rain or sun ; and I piled all the empty chests and; casks up in a circle round the tent, to fortify it from any sudden attempt, either from man or beast.”

“I barricaded myself round with the chests and boards that I had brought on shore, and made a kind of a hut for that night's lodging”
Size and Scale: The hut/tent is just big enough for himself, a chest of perishable goods and a couple muskets.

Timeline: Crusoe builds the hut on the second night and on the third he builds the tent.

Narrative: Typically huts are used for nomads as temporary shelters made up of indigenous materials to the land.

Country house

Name: Country house

Location: Crusoe explores the island by heading northwest of his sea-coast house into a more heavily wooded area with plentiful resources such as fruit trees and fresh water.

Purpose: Crusoe finds the land to be beautiful and a more suitable home as there is an abundance of food in the forests. However, Crusoe does not want to remove his old shelter because he would lose the seashore house as a place to look out for ships heading down the coast. Instead, he builds the country house as a second home where he will live during the dry season.

“...to inclose myself among the hills and woods, in the centre of the island, was to anticipate my bondage, and to render such an affair not only improbable, but impossible; and that, therefore, I ought not by any means to remove.”

How it is made: Crusoe describes building a bower which is a rustic dwelling made out of leaves and brushwood. He surrounds it with a double hedged fence using stakes that would later grow into trees. The growth of the stakes comes as a pleasant surprise to Crusoe who immediately recognizes the excellent shading and defensive barrier provided by the growing tree wall. Crusoe does not recognize the tree, though he refers to it as "osier-like wood". Upon further research into the vegetation of Tobago and other Caribbean islands, our group strongly believes that the tree species described would have closely resembled the Bursera Simaruba ("Gumbo-limbo"), which is frequently used as living fencing because of its rapid growth rate and because it is easily transplanted1. Crusoe later employs this fence technology for the outer wall and surrounding forest barrier around his sea-coast house.

The tree walls create a very secure dwelling but require a ladder to climb over the hedge. As time passed the trees grew and provided shade during the hot season. He eventually builds a tent as well and continues to furnish when he has extra time. He also creates another area for his animals. The following image shows the country house in it's early form, one year after Crusoe's arrival on the island:



The following image shows the country house after 4 years, once the stakes have grown into trees.



“Under this I had made me a squab, or couch, with the skins of the creatures I had killed, and with other soft things, and a blanket laid on them, such as belonged to our sea-bedding, which I had saved, and a great watch-coat to cover me”

“Adjoining to this, I had my inclosures for my cattle, that is to say, my goats. As I had taken an inconceivable deal of pains to fence and inclose this ground, I was so uneasy to see it kept entire, lest the goats should break through, that I never left off till, with infinite labour, I had stuck the outside of the hedge so full of small stakes, and so near to one another, that it was rather a pale than a hedge, and there was scarcely room to put a hand through between them. Afterwards, when those stakes grew, as they all did in the next rainy season, they made the inclosure strong like a wall, indeed, stronger than any wall.”

Size: The enclosure including the hedge grows out to 25 yards in diameter.
Timeline: Crusoe begins building the country house in August of the first year. He continues to make improvements throughout his stay on the island. The first version of his country house was made in approximately a month’s time.

Narrative: In the middle ages a cottage was often accompanied with a barn as well as a small plot of land. In the modern day, a cottage usually refers to a vacation home or a summer residence typically in a rural location.

Notes:
1. "Bursera simaruba," Wikipedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bursera_simaruba (accessed January 21, 2010)

Cave

Name: "cave" or "grotto" or "vault"

Location
Found in a rock face behind low-lying brush or trees. Located somewhere inland where the forest becomes more dense.

The Purpose
The purpose was an additional place of defence. It also acted as a place of alternative storage where Crusoe could place a portion of his weapons and gun powder. Crusoe believed that the savages would not be able to find it because of its hidden nature. He also believed that if they did come across it, they would likely not enter it because it was very dark -while standing at the entrance it is nearly impossible to know what lies within it.

Size and Scale
Crusoe describes it as being not very big -about 12 feet across and about 6 feet tall in the first cavity. There is a passage that is at the back of the first cavity leading to an additional "vault" that is said by Crusoe to be "almost ten yards." It is presumably around 3 feet high because Crusoe is forced to go on his hands and knees in order to pass through it. The final cavity or "storage space" has a 20 foot ceiling. There is no mention of the horizontal dimensions, but he seems to quite like it and describes it as an ideal storage space. One could assume it is a comfortable space -possibly the size of a bedroom? The following image shows the cave as described by Crusoe:



How it is Made
Crusoe states that it is made entirely by natural causes: "no hands have ever been employed in making it but those of mere nature." As a result it is natural looking and is somewhat round/square. He states that unlike other caves the walls are not moist making it even more ideal and he also mentions that there is "small loose gravel" which covers the "flat floor" of the final cavity.

Timeline
Shaped over hundreds or thousands of years. It will last as long as nature allows it to.

Narrative Summary:
One of the most primitive forms of habitation and burial which date back to some of the first humans to ever inhabit the earth.

The Evolution of Crusoe's Character

“I was now landed, and safe on shore, and began to look up and thank God that my life was saved, in a case wherein there was, some minutes before, scarcely any room to hope. I believe it is impossible to express to the life what the ecstasies and transports of the soul are when it is so saved…For sudden joys, for griefs, confound at first.”

“…having been excessively fatigued, I fell fast asleep, and slept as comfortably as, I believe, few could have done in my condition, and found myself the most refreshed with it that I think I ever was on such an occasion.”

“I smiled to myself at the sight of this money. 'O drug !' said I, aloud,' what art thou good for ? Thou art not worth to me—no, not the taking off the ground ; one of those knives is worth all this heap. I have no manner of use for thee ; even remain where thou art, and go to the bottom as a creature whose life is not worth saving.' However, upon second thoughts, I took it away, and wrapping all of it in a piece of canvas…”

“I consulted several things in my situation which I found would be proper for me : first, Health and fresh water, I just now mentioned ; secondly, Shelter from the heat of the sun; thirdly, Security from ravenous creatures, whether man or beast; fourthly, A view to the sea, that if God sent any ship in sight, I might not lose any advantage for my deliverance, of which I was not willing to banish all my expectation yet…”

“And this put me in mind that I wanted many things, notwithstanding all that I had amassed together; and of these, this of ink was one, as also spade, pick-axe, and shovel, to dig or remove the earth; needles, pins, and thread. As for linen, I soon learned to want that without much difficulty.”

“…there was scarcely any condition in the world so miserable, but there was something negative or something positive to be thankful for in it. And let this stand as a direction from the experience of the most miserable of all conditions in this world, that we may always find in it something to comfort ourselves from, and to set, in the description of good and evil, on the credit side of the account.”

"...sowed the rest of my seed in February, a little before the vernal equinox ; and this, having the rainy months of March and April to water it, sprung up very pleasantly, and yielded a very good crop. But having part of the seed left only, and not daring to sow all that I had, I had but a small quantity at last, my whole crop not amounting to above half a peck of each kind."

"I cannot express what a satisfaction it was to me to come into my old hutch, and lie down in my hammock-bed. This little wandering journey, without a settled place of abode, had been so unpleasant to me, that my own house, as I called it to myself, was a perfect settlement to me compared to that; and it rendered everything about me so comfortable"

"It might be truly said, that I now worked for my bread. It is a little wonderful, and what I believe few people have thought much upon, namely, the strange multitude of little things necessary in the providing, producing, curing, dressing, making, and finishing this one article of bread."

“I finished my fourth year in the place, and kept my anniversary with the same devotion, and with as much comfort as before. I entertained different notions of things; I looked now upon the world as a thing remote, which I had nothing to do with, no expectation from, and indeed no desires about: in a word, I had nothing indeed to do with it, nor was ever likely to have.
I might have raised ship-loadings of corn, but I had no use for it, so I had tortoises or turtles enough, but now and then one was as much as I could put to any use. I had timber enough to have built a fleet of ships. I had grapes enough to have made wine, or to have cured into raisins to have loaded that fleet when they had been built.
But all I could make use of was that which was valuable to me. I had enough to eat and to supply my wants, and what was all the rest? If I killed more flesh than I could eat, the dog must eat it, or the vermin: if I sowed more corn than I could eat, it must be spoiled. The trees that I cut down lying to rot on the ground, I could make no more use of them that for fuel-and that I had no occasion for but to dress my food.
In a word, the nature and experience of things dictated to me, upon just reflection, that all the good things of this world are no further good to us than as they are for our use; and that, whatever we may heap up to give others, we enjoy only as much as we can use, and no more.”

Wednesday, January 20, 2010

Heterotopias

Robinson Crusoe’s Island of Despair

“...real places - places that do exist and that are formed in the very founding of society - which are something like counter-sites, a kind of effectively enacted utopia in which the real sites, all the other real sites that can be found within the culture, are simultaneously represented, contested, and inverted.”

Kowloon Walled City

“...crisis heterotopias, i.e., there are privileged or sacred or forbidden places, reserved for individuals who are, in relation to society and to the human environment in which they live, in a state of crisis...”

By examining Kowloon Walled City and Crusoe’s homes on the Island of Despair we essentially look into a mirror reflective of our own society. These places show certain ideals that exist in a utopian world: the ability to live and achieve happiness with the bare minimums. To understand how to achieve the same ideal we must realize the absence in our reality, which separates the commonplace from the utopian world.

"A heterotopia is a fundamental disorder that silently questions the space in which we live."(Flynn)

http://foucault.info/documents/heteroTopia/foucault.heteroTopia.en.html